슬기로운 수학생활 15번
구멍의 최소 반지름은?
문제 출제자 : 백진언 미시간 대학교 수학과 박사과정생
문제 1.
3차원 공간에 평면이 하나 있고, 평면의 한 쪽에는 변의 길이가 1인 정육면체가 있다. 평면에 원으로 구멍을 하나 뚫어, 정육면체가 평면의 한쪽에서 다른 쪽으로 구멍을 통과해 지나갈 수 있게 하고 싶다. 뚫어야 하는 구멍의 최소 반지름은 얼마인가?
문제 2.
3차원 공간에 평면이 하나 있고, 평면의 한 쪽에는 변의 길이가 1인 정사면체가 있다. 평면에 원으로 구멍을 하나 뚫어, 정사면체가 평면의 한쪽에서 다른 쪽으로 구멍을 통과해 지나갈 수 있게 하고 싶다. 뚫어야 하는 구멍의 최소 반지름은 얼마인가?
정육면체든 정사면체든
두 입체의 중심이 평면을 지나칠 때 평면에 의해 생기는 입체의 단면을 생각해봅시당.
정육면체는 이 방식으로 풀면 바로 답이 나오는 것 같고
정사면체는 조금 더 생각해봐야겠네요
원이 정육면체에 (정육면체를 평면으로 생각했을 때) 외접하면 되니까 반지름은 루트2 아닐까요?
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
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Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: file_put_contents(/DATA/upload/polymath/latex/0c18e3509ead6acb9344f6cb546aa1ad.gif): failed to open stream: No such file or directory
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 213
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
정육면체에 외접하는 구와 정사면체에 외접하는 구가 평면을 뚫고 지나갈 때 생기는 원을 생각하면 되지 않을까요? 그렇게 생각하면 원의 반지름은 외접구의 반지름이니까
1. 2분의 루트 3
2. 4분의 루트 6
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 202
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 213
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 202
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 213
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 202
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 202
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
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File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 202
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File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
Line Number: 213
Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
정육면체는 구머님 말씀대로 하면 하한 에 실례도 쉽게 찾을 수 있네요
정사면체가 문제인데 수학동아 책에 나온 힌트가 결정적인 것 같아요
두 번째 꼭짓점이 통과할 때 가능한 구멍의 최소 반지름을 구해봅시다
첫 번째 꼭짓점을 A, 두 번째를 B, 나머지 둘을 C, D라고 하죠
두 번째 꼭짓점이 구멍을 통과하는 순간 구멍은 AC와 AD와 각각 한 점씩 만나야 하며, 이때 만나는 점을 각각 X, Y라 할게요
그리고 X와 A의 거리를 x, Y와 A의 거리를 y라 하고 이때 구멍의 반지름(삼각형 BXY의 외접원의 반지름)을 구해 보면
이 됩니다.
이 식은 (약 0.3912) 에서 최솟값
(약 0.4478) 을 갖습니다. 이렇게 두 번째 꼭짓점만 지날 수 있다면 그 뒤 과정도 자연스럽게 되는데, 두 번째 꼭짓점이 지나고 나서 다시 변 AD, BD 위에 D에서
만큼 떨어진 점들을 잡아 구멍을 그 점들에 접하게 한 후 점 C를 통과시키고, 남은 점 D는 자유롭게 빼내면 됩니다.
그러므로 정사면체에서는 구멍의 반지름이 약 0.4478 정도 되어야 합니다.
문제 풀어줘서 고마워요. 값이 맞기는 한데, 적어준 x와 y에 관한 식이 왜 해당하는 값에서 최소화가 되는지에 대해 설명이 조금 더 있으면 좋을 것 같아요 (프로그램을 써서 답을 구했나요?)
점 B가 구멍을 통과하고 점 C가 구멍에 접근하는 동안 중간에 정사면체가 구멍에 왜 걸리지 않는지도 얘기할 필요가 있을 것 같아요 (직접 모양을 만들어서 움직이는 것도 가능하지만, 수학적으로 과정이 구멍을 제대로 통과한다는 걸 논증할 수도 있을 거에요)
혼자 끝까지 해결해도 되고, 풀이를 공유한 다음에 위 작업을 친구들과 같이 해도 좋을 것 같아요
확인 감사합니다!
사실 x와 y에 대한 식은 절대부등식이 잘 만들어지지 않아서 직관적으로 x=y라고 가정하고 최솟값을 구한 후, 울프럼알파로 원래 식의 최솟값을 소숫점 아래로 많이 나타나게 해서 비교해서 확인했어요. 그래서 수학적인 증명이 부족한데, 어쩌면 x=y여야 한다는 걸 증명할 수도 있을 것 같아요
B가 구멍을 통과하고 C에 접근하는 동안 중간에 정사면체가 구멍에 걸리지 않는 이유.. 는 대충 아래와 같은 그림처럼 생각해 보면 정사면체가 통과하는 동안 필요한 구멍의 최소 크기가 연속이고 unimodal한 형태가 됨을 증명할 수 있지 않을까 생각해요. 이 부분도 3차원이라 그런지 엄밀한 증명은 아직 찾기 어렵네요.. 더 생각해 볼게요.
아 그리고 제 풀이는 X, Y점을 x,y 두 변수로 표현하고 해석기하의 방법을 사용하여 반지름을 구한 다음 대수적으로 풀려고 한 건데, 이 부분에 개선할 점이나 x=y인 이유의 증명, 다른 부분은 고려할 필요 없는지에 대한 증명은 다른 분들이 도와주시면 좋을 것 같아요!
정사면체는 꼬인 위치에 두 모서리 중 하나가 평면과 수직일 때나, 같은 모서리를 평면에 사영시켰을 때 두 선분이 수직이등분 되는 경우 중 하나일 것 같네요.
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
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Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: mkdir(): Permission denied
Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 202
Function: mkdir
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
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File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
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File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
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Filename: libraries/Common.php
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Backtrace:
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 213
Function: file_put_contents
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/libraries/Common.php
Line: 236
Function: getLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view_comment_list.php
Line: 90
Function: parseLatexImg
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/views/ver3/inc/view.php
Line: 343
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/application/controllers/ver3/Contents.php
Line: 558
Function: view
File: /volume1/web/PhpstormProjects/www_polymath_co_kr/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once